More goodies from the mailbag. Laura wrote:

I recently came across the Mary Francis Knitting and Crocheting Book. It is darling!? Even though the credits don't specify, I assume it's a reprint of a book originally written around 1920. Woven within the story are quite extensive photo demos of knitting and crochet, along with many patterns for doll clothes, and even Red Cross knitting patterns. The text of the book describes yarns as 2-fold, 3-fold or 4-fold, and appear to be referring to what we would call 'ply' today--though perhaps more in the UK style. The book then goes on to say that yarns are named Germantown Zephyr or Germantown Wool (4-fold or 8-fold), Knitting Worsted, Saxony Wool, Woolen Knitting Floss, Teazle Yarn, or Angora Wool. Would you have any info on what the modern equivalents of these might be?? Any references to point me toward?? I did a google search, but mostly came up with "Bear Brand Germantown Yarns," a few skeins of which have retired in my stash....It would seem that Germantown could refer to worsted weight or heavier (about a 3 or 4 in the modern number scheme trying to standardize the industry), Saxony might be more of a baby or sport weight (2ish, I suppose?) and Knitting Floss might be more like Shetland yarns--lace or baby/fingering weight (1 or 2ish, I'm thinking).

I know there are lots of people now interested in older knitting patterns - everything from ponchos published in the 1970s through the truly vintage stuff going back to the late 1800s. The older the book, the harder it can be to figure out how to make the garment using today's materials. Laura's problem is a very common one for anyone looking at these older patterns.

I can't claim to be?an expert on this?on this, but I have had a little bit of experience with legacy/historical patterns. From my limited exposure,?Laura's guesses are spot on.

For the yarns described in her book, Germantown's closest equivalent is true worsted (not just something within the group system 3 or 4 designation;?the group system being a lousy method yarn classification). The closest modern yarn is Cascade 220 - a 100% wool that knits at 5 stitches per inch. Many patterns call for that size yarn to be doubled. I've had good results?using either a true worsted, or even a lofty DK when the pattern calls for knitting with two strands.

Saxony was often used for baby items, knit on 15s or 16s. The modern needle size equivalent would be 00s or an size in between 00 and 000. I've had success substituting modern three-ply fingering or baby yarn. (4-ply fingering is standard sock weight, knitting at 28 stitches = 4 inches, 3-ply is lighter, usually knitting at 32 stitches = 4 inches.)? Perhaps Jamieson Shetland Spindrift might work, being lofty and able to be knit down to that gauge. Brown Sheep WildFoote is one of the lightest sock yarns around now that Kroy 3 Ply is discontinued. Froelich Wolle Special Blauband is also on the thin end of the fingering spectrum. Much thicker and denser but machine washable is Dale Baby Ull. Knit tightly it might work, but I think that the?Spindrift or Wildfoote?would have a more historically accurate look.

I also suspect that Knitting Floss is lace weight. Skacel Merino Lace might mage a good substitute.

Teazle, and Angora Wool are tougher. My suggestion would be to look at the needle size and gauge. Since most historical patterns don't give gauge, are sized fairly small and fit FAR tighter than modern ones, the best way to figure out gauge is to look at the stitch count around the wrist or cuff rather than around the chest. Fit on wrists don't change much, nor is ease generally a big factor there. Compare whatever you get to the wrist measurement of a modern piece - women's small, men's small, or children's about size 6 for post-baby garments. Using that measurement roughly estimate how many stitches per inch the piece had just above the ribbing.

I've been working on this chart for a while, collecting historical yarn names and modern gauge/needle size equivalents. Also some suggestions on possible modern yarns. I started with some needle size data abstracted from Lois Baker's highly useful comparative needle chart. Most of the historical yarn types I cite are from patterns before the 1930s. Note that these are not hard and fast categorizations, many yarns/needle sizes can slip up or down a peg. Also note that texture is difficult to match. I have no way of knowing if one yarn type was say,?closer in feel to Spindrift than it is to Regia. ?Feel free to attach corrections/additions in the comments. I'll update the chart body and put a link to it under 'Reference' at right.

For yarns from the 1950s through 1970s, VintageKnits maintains a very useful guide to fiber content and actual gauges of specific yarn brand names. It's divided roughly by weight into several pages.